Эссе на тему витамины на английском

The word “vitamin” goes back to the Polish scientist Casimir Funk in 1912.  He was studying a substance in the layer that covers rice.  This substance was believed to cure a disease called beriberi.

Funk believed the substance belonged to a group of chemicals known as amines.  He added the Latin word «vita,» meaning life.  So he called the substance a “vitamine” — an amine necessary for life.

Scientists have discovered fourteen kinds of vitamins.  They are known as vitamins A, the B group, C, D, E and K.  Scientists say vitamins help to carry out chemical changes in cells.  If we do not get enough of the vitamins we need in our food, we may develop a number of diseases. 

This brings us back to Casmir Funk.  His studies of rice were part of a long search for foods that could cure disease.

One of the first people involved in that search was James Lind of Scotland.  In the 1740s, Lind was a doctor for the British navy.  He investigated a problem that had existed in the navy for many years. 

The problem was the disease scurvy.  So many sailors had scurvy that the navy’s lost some of its strength.  The sailors were weak from bleeding inside their bodies.  Even the smallest wound would not heal.  Doctor Lind thought the sailors were getting sick because they failed to eat some kinds of foods when they were at sea for many months.

Doctor Lind separated twelve sailors who had scurvy into two groups.  He gave each group different foods to eat.  One group got oranges and lemons.  The other did not.  The men who ate the fruit began to improve within seven days.  The other men got weaker.  Doctor Lind was correct.  Eating citrus fruits prevents scurvy.

Types of Vitamins

Vitamin A helps prevent skin and other tissues from becoming dry.  It is also needed to make a light-sensitive substance in the eyes.  People who do not get enough vitamin A cannot see well in darkness.  Their eys may get dry.  This can result in infections and lead to blindness.

Vitamin A is found in fish liver oil.  It also is in the yellow part of eggs.  Sweet potatoes, carrots and other darkly colored fruits and vegetables contain substances that the body can change into vitamin A. 

Vitamin B-one is also called thiamine.  Thiamine changes starchy foods into energy.  It also helps the heart and nervous system work well.  Without it, we would be weak and would not grow.  We also might develop beriberi. Apart from rice thiamine is found in beans , peas, nuts, meat and fish.

Another B-vitamin is niacin.  It helps cells use food energy.  It also prevents pellagra -a disease that causes weakness, reddish skin and stomach problems.  Niacin is found in meat, fish and green vegetables.

Vitamin B-12 helps produce red blood cells.  It is found naturally in foods such as eggs, meat, fish and milk products.  It also helps babies of pregnant mothers before they are born .  Vitamin B-12 is found in green leafy vegetables and other foods and citrus fruits.  In some countries, it is added to products like bread.

Vitamin C is needed for strong bones and teeth, and for healthy blood.  It also helps wounds heal quickly.  Because our body stores little vitamin C we must get it every day in foods such as citrus fruits, tomatoes and cabbage.

Vitamin D helps make calcium in the blood.  Calcium is needed for nerve and muscle cells to work normally.  It also is needed to build strong bones.  Ultraviolet light from the sun changes a substance in the skin into vitamin D.  Fish liver oil also contains vitamin D.  In some countries, milk producers add vitamin D to milk so children will get enough.

Vitamin K is needed for healthy blood.  It thickens the blood around a cut to stop bleeding.  Bacteria in the intestines normally produce vitamin K.  It can also be found in pork products, liver and in vegetables like cabbage, and spinach.

Some people fear they do not get enough vitamins from the foods they eat.  So they take products with large amounts of vitamins.  They think these products or vitamin supplements will improve their health and protect them from disease.

Experts note that taking too much of some vitamins can be harmful.  People should be sure to discuss what vitamins they take with their doctors.  This is because some vitamins can cause harmful effects when mixed with medicines.

Online Exercises

• Nutrition — How the Body Uses Food
• Malnutrition
• Childhood Obesity
• Bacteria

Downloadable PDF Text- and Worksheets

• Text and Worksheets available at our shop

Vitamins are a group of organic substances required in our diets in small amounts for growth and nutrition. They are usually found in foodstuffs or taken as supplements. Yet vitamins probably present a wider gap between myth and reality in the layman’s understanding than almost any other area of our diet. Most people have a recognition that Vitamin C prevents scurvy, that Vitamin A is found in fish-liver oils, or that Vitamin D is found in dairy products; many people believe that Vitamin E preserves youth and prevents sterility, or that Vitamin C can present colds and cancer. Beyond this, however, there is still considerable ignorance and widespread myth. The reality behind the common practice of taking vitamin supplements is less dramatic, although vitamins do represent an important component of the necessary human diet.

The word vitamin was formed from the Latin word «vita» («life») and the Greek word «amine» because 19th-century scientists believed that they were formed only from amino acids. Amino acids are the twenty essential code elements which arrange themselves in varied sequences or chains to form complex proteins, the basic foodstuff of life. These organic acids (containing the essential ingredient NH2), in conjunction with the nucleic acids (DNA material being composed of the four bases adenine, guanine thymine, and cytosine), «translate» the genetic instructions from the DNA of the chromosome to the RNA transcript, and in turn transfer these instructions from the transcript to proteins.

If proteins are the building blocks of life, then amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Plant cells form amino acids from the compounds which the plant draws up from the ground, such as the nitrates and ammonia salts. Animals, however, cannot perform this conversion of simple inorganic substances to amino acids, so they must ingest them in the form of food — with herbivorous animals consuming plant proteins in vegetables and carnivorous animals consuming animal proteins in the bodies of their prey.

Vitamins are essential aids in many body processes, converting food the energy, building and maintaining cells, and other functions.

Vitamins can thus be looked at as a crucial ingredient in the long-term maintenance of health. Vitamins come in two main forms — water soluble and fat soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins, including A, D, E, and K, «are absorbed by the body with the aid of fat and then stored in body fat». Because they are stored in this way, we do not need to take these vitamins daily, and it is usually possible to maintain adequate amounts in the body through a normal, well-balanced diet. But for the same reason, it is possible to overdose on these vitamins by taking too many as supplements, in which case they can build up to toxic levels and actually cause harm to the person taking them.

The water-soluble vitamins, including Vitamin C and all of the B complex vitamins, are «used up quickly or excreted in urine and perspiration; they are not stored and should be consumed daily. They break down quickly and can be partially lost through premature harvesting, long and improper storage, processing, overcooking, and cooking in the water». The high amounts of both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins found in raw vegetables and fruits are often lost when they are processed, with a few exceptions such as carrots, which actually gain in vitamin A by being cooked.

The best sources of the different vitamin groups are now well-known. Vitamin A, including retinol and «provitamin carotenoids,» is found in liver, butter, whole milk, cheese and egg yolks (retinol) and in carrots, leafy greens, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, cantaloupes, and so on (provitamin carotenoids). Vitamin A is extremely important information and maintenance of skin and mucous membranes, in visual functions, and in bone and tooth development. A deficiency of Vitamin A can cause impaired growth, night-blindness, diarrhea, and increased mortality in the worst cases. Experiments in giving large Vitamin A supplements for malnourished children have had mixed results; some reported a reduction in infant and child mortality, but a recent study of Sudanese children between 9 and 72 months found little difference in a test group that was given mega doses of A (200,000 units), and a placebo group that was given only small amounts of Vitamin E.

Vitamin D (calciferol), found mostly in fortified dairy products but also in fish oils an egg yolks, is particularly important for hardening of bones and teeth and aiding in the intestine’s absorption of calcium. Deficiencies of D can cause rickets in children and more rarely, osteomalacia in adults; overdoses are known to cause retarded growth, kidney damage and calcium deposits in the soft tissues. Vitamin E (Tocopherol), is found in vegetable oil, green leafy vegetables, wheat germ, egg yolk, butter, and liver. It functions as an «antioxidant» for other vitamins, preventing C and A and other fatty-acid proteins from being burnt up prematurely; in this way, it helps prevent cell-membrane damage. Most experts believe that Vitamin E deficiency can only occur in extreme cases of malnutrition, but this doesn’t mean that supplements might not be useful. One recent study found that Vitamin E‑rich blood helped to prevent angina (cardiovascular distress), for reasons not yet understood.

The B vitamin group is very important. B1 or thiamin, found in meats, whole grains, and nuts, serves in carbohydrate metabolism and production of ribose for RNA and DNA. B2 or Riboflavin, in the liver, milk, cheese, meat, and fortified grains, functions as a coenzyme to help cells use oxygen to get energy from food. B6 or pyroxidine, found in meats, shellfish, whole grains, and vegetables, also serves as a coenzyme in protein metabolism. B12, found in the same foods and in milk products, serves as a coenzyme in nucleic acid synthesis and development of red blood cells. Deficiencies of the B group can cause anemia, skin problems, and other diseases.

Other vitamins include niacin, folacin (folic acid), biotin, and pantothenic acid, all of which serve as coenzymes to help synthesize fat, form vital chemicals in the life processes, or assist in energy metabolism for the body processes. Some typical symptoms of deficiency are fatigue, depression, or anemia. Recently, it has been found that Vitamin K, a fat-soluble substance, is essential in the blood-clotting process, and it is hoped that it can be applied to the treatment of hemophilia, wound or surgery recovery, and other medical problems.

As a group, vitamins are often confused with the many hundreds of minerals (inorganic substances) that are also needed for basic growth and maintenance functions of the body. Like vitamins, most minerals can also be found in foods, but shortages of minerals are also possible. There have also been unproven claims for vitamins in general, such as that supplements increase children’s IQ. Probably the greatest confusion exists about Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), a substance found in many vegetables and fruits, and needed for holding body cells together, healing wounds and broken bones, and resisting infection. Many extravagant claims, such as curing cancer and preventing common colds, have been made for Vitamin C. While some evidence exists of side-benefits, long-term studies have failed to give conclusive evidence that C can produce miracles. Like other water-soluble vitamins, however, C is easily depleted from the body, and any diet without sufficient C from fresh fruits and vegetables will need supplements.

« Yum! — Американская корпорация | Самые важные нюансы по самостоятельному обучению английскому языку »

Vitamin Ato protect eyesight, increase resistance to infection.

Vitamin A is often combined with other vitamins, especially vitamin D.

Vitamin C to increase resistance to infection.

It helps to recover after illness. Take it daily.

Find English equivalents in the table for:

Защититьзрение –

Укрепить нервную систему –

Повысить сопротивляемость инфекции –

Принимайте ежедневно –

Улучшать плохое кровообращение –

Лечение варикозного расширения вен –

Answer the questions to the table.

1. What do we take vitamin A for?

2. Can vitamin A strengthen nervous system?

3. How often must we take vitamin B?

4. What does vitamin C give to human health?

Read some more information about vitamins. What facts attracted your special attention? Why?

Vitamins and minerals are substances that are found in foods we eat. Your body needs them to work properly, so you grow and develop just like you should. When it comes to vitamins, each one has a special role to play. For example:

• Vitamin D in milk helps your bones.

• Vitamin A in carrots helps you see at night.

• Vitamin C in oranges helps your body heal if you get a cut.

• B vitamins in whole grains help your body make energy from food.

Vitamins Hang Out in Water and Fat

There are two types of vitamins: fat soluble and water soluble.

When you eat foods that contain fat-soluble vitamins, the vitamins are stored in the fat tissues in your body and in your liver. They wait around in your body fat until your body needs them.

Fat-soluble vitamins are happy to stay stored in your body for awhile — some stay for a few days, some for up to 6 months! Then, when it’s time for them to be used, special carriers in your body take them to where they’re needed. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all fat-soluble vitamins.

Water-soluble vitamins are different. When you eat foods that have water-soluble vitamins, the vitamins don’t get stored as much in your body. Instead, they travel through your bloodstream. Whatever your body doesn’t use comes out when you urinate (pee).

So these kinds of vitamins need to be replaced often because they don’t stick around! This crowd of vitamins includes vitamin C and the big group of B vitamins — B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), niacin, B6 (pyridoxine), folic acid, B12 (cobalamine), biotin, and pantothenic acid.

This additional information will help you to get ready with your presentation.

Vitamins Feed Your Needs

Your body is one powerful machine, capable of doing all sorts of things by itself. But when it comes to vitamins, it can use some help. That’s where food comes in. Your body is able to get the vitamins it needs from the foods you eat because different foods contain different vitamins. The key is to eat different foods to get an assortment of vitamins. Though some kids take a daily vitamin, most kids don’t need one if they’re eating a variety of healthy foods.

Now, let’s look more closely at vitamins — from A to K:

Vitamin A

This vitamin plays a really big part in eyesight. It’s great for night vision, like when you’re trick-or-treating on Halloween. Vitamin A helps you see in color, too, from the brightest yellow to the darkest purple. In addition, it helps your body fight infections by boosting your immune system.

Which foods are rich in vitamin A?

Milk fortified with vitamin A, liver, orange fruits and vegetables (cantaloupe, carrots, sweet potatoes), dark green leafy vegetables (kale, collards, spinach).

The B Vitamins

There’s more than one B vitamin. Here’s the list: B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, folic acid, biotin, and pantothenic acid. Whew — that’s quite a group!

The B vitamins are important in metabolic activity — this means that they help make energy and set it free when your body needs it. So the next time you’re running to third base, thank those B vitamins.

This group of vitamins is also involved in making red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout your body. Every part of your body needs oxygen to work properly, so these B vitamins have a really important job.

Which foods are rich in vitamin B?

Whole grains (wheat and oats), fish and seafood, poultry and meats, eggs, dairy products (milk and yogurt), leafy green vegetables, beans and peas.

Vitamin C

This vitamin is important for keeping body tissues, such as gums, bones, and blood vessels in good shape. C is also key if you get a cut or wound because it helps you heal.

This vitamin also helps your body resist infection. This means that even though you can’t always avoid getting sick, vitamin C makes it a little harder for your body to become infected with an illness.

Which foods are rich in vitamin C?

Citrus fruits (oranges), cantaloupe, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage, kiwi fruit, sweet red peppers.

Vitamin D

No bones about it . . . vitamin D is the vitamin you need for strong bones! It’s also great for forming strong teeth. Vitamin D even lends a hand to an important mineral — it helps your body absorb the amount of calcium it needs. Vitamin D is made in the skin when exposed to sunlight, or you can get it from the foods you eat.

Which foods are rich in vitamin D?

Milk fortified with vitamin D, fish, egg yolks, liver, fortified cereal.

Vitamin E

Everybody needs E. This hard-working vitamin protects your cells and tissues from damage. It is also important for the health of red blood cells.

Which foods are rich in vitamin E?

Whole grains (as wheat and oats), wheat germ, leafy green vegetables, vegetable oils (sunflower, canola and olive), egg yolks, nuts and seeds.

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is the clotmaster! Remember the last time you got a cut? Your blood did something special called clotting. This is when certain cells in your blood act like glue and stick together at the surface of the cut to help stop the bleeding.

Which foods are rich in vitamin K?

Leafy green vegetables, dairy products (milk and yogurt), broccoli, soybean oil.

When your body gets this vitamin and the other ones it needs,

you’ll be feeling A-OK!

Did you ever notice how TV commercials for breakfast cereal always mention vitamins and minerals? But when you think of minerals, food isn’t the first thing that comes to mind. Aren’t minerals something you find in the earth, like iron and quartz?

Well, yes, but small amounts of some minerals are also in foods — for instance, red meat, such as beef, is a good source of iron.

Just like vitamins, minerals help your body grow, develop, and stay healthy. The body uses minerals to perform many different functions — from building strong bones to transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are even used to make hormones or maintain a normal heartbeat.

Macro and Trace

The two kinds of minerals are: macrominerals and trace minerals. Macro means «large» in Greek (and your body needs larger amounts of macrominerals than trace minerals). The macromineral group is made up of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur.

A trace of something means that there is only a little of it. So even though your body needs trace minerals, it needs just a tiny bit of each one. Scientists aren’t even sure how much of these minerals you need each day. Trace minerals includes iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.

Let’s take a closer look at some of the minerals you get from food.

When people don’t get enough of important minerals, they can have health problems. For instance, too little calcium — especially when you’re a sportsman — can lead to weaker bones. Some sportsmen may take mineral supplements, but most sportsmen don’t need them if they eat a nutritious diet. So eat minerals and stay healthy!

Calcium

Calcium is the top macromineral when it comes to your bones. This mineral helps build strong bones, so you can do everything from standing up straight to scoring that winning goal. It also helps build strong, healthy teeth, for chomping on tasty food.

Which foods are rich in calcium?

Dairy products (milk, cheese, and yogurt), canned salmon and sardines with bones, leafy green vegetables (broccoli), calcium-fortified foods (from orange juice to cereals and crackers).

Iron

The body needs iron to transport oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Your entire body needs oxygen to stay healthy and alive. Iron helps because it’s important in the formation of hemoglobin, which is the part of your red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

Which foods are rich in iron?

Meat (especially red meat, such as beef), tuna and salmon, eggs, beans, baked potato with skins, dried fruits (raisins), leafy green vegetables (broccoli), whole and enriched grains (wheat or oats).

Potassium

Potassium keeps your muscles and nervous system working properly. Your blood and body tissues, such as muscles, contain water. And potassium helps make sure the amount of water is just right between cells and body fluids.

Which foods are rich in potassium?

Bananas, tomatoes, potatoes and sweet potatoes (with skins), green vegetables (spinach and broccoli), citrus fruits (oranges), low-fat milk and yogurt; legumes (beans, split peas, and lentils).

Zinc

Zinc helps your immune system, which is your body’s system for fighting off illnesses and infections. It also helps with cell growth and helps heal wounds, such as cuts.

Which foods are rich in zinc?

Beef, pork, and dark meat chicken; nuts (cashews, almonds and peanuts); legumes (beans, split peas and lentils).

Make up questions to the information given in the text.

Read the article from a Health Magazine. What are the most urgent problems raised in it? Discuss with your partner. Be ready to report to the group.

Вы наверное на раз слышали, а то и сами говорили: — «И витамины принимаю, и питание сбалансированное, а волосы стали ломкими и выпадают, кожа потускнела, да и общее состояние не очень… Почему такое?!»

Витамины, безусловно, играют очень важную роль в нормальном обмене веществ, повышают активность, защищают от болезней, делают кожу чистой и гладкой, ногти – крепкими, а волосы – блестящими.

Но избыток витаминов тоже может быть вреден для нашего организма. Например, если в организме слишком много витамина С, это может способствовать образованию камней в почках, вызвать расслабление желудка и появление аллергической сыпи, Кроме того, избыток витамина С препятствует усвоению витамина В6 и магния. Избыток витамина D может вызвать хрупкость и ломкость костей. Появляется тошнота, головные боли. Избыточные дозы витаминов А, D, Е, F сосредотачиваются в печени. При слишком большом содержании в организме витамина А появляются головные боли, а также возможны отравления, сопровождающиеся тошнотой.

Некоторые витамины усваиваются организмом лучше, если их принимать в сочетании с другими витаминами или некоторыми минеральными элементами. Например, витамин А действует наиболее эффективно, если его принимать с витаминами группы В, D, Е — его действие усиливается такими минеральными элементами, как кальций, фосфор, цинк. Витамины группы В хорошо сочетаются с витамином С — его воздействие на организм человека усиливает также сочетание с магнием. Витамин С лучше усваивается, если его принимать с такими минеральными элементами, как кальций и магний. Витамин D хорошо сочетается с витаминами А, С, а, также, с кальцием и фосфором.

Для того, чтобы получать максимальное количество витаминов из пищи, нужно соблюдать нехитрые правила:

— покупайте только свежие овощи и фрукты;

— храните фрукты и овощи недолго и в темном холодном помещении;

— чистите овощи непосредственно перед употреблением;

— варите картофель в кожуре, и лучше всего на пару;

— мойте салат только под проточной водой.

А самое главное, что вы должны знать:

— алкоголь разрушает витамины А, группы В, а также калий, цинк, кальций, магний и железо;

— никотин разрушает витамины А, С, Е и селен;

— кофеин разрушает витамины группы В, РР, а также снижает содержание в организме человека железа, калия, цинка, кальция;

— аспирин уменьшает содержание витаминов группы В, С, А, а также кальция и калия;

— снотворные средства затрудняют усвоение витаминов А, D, Е, В12, а также существенно снижают уровень кальция;

— антибиотики разрушают витамины группы В, а также железо, кальций, магний.

— мочегонные средства выводят из организма витамины группы В, а также магний, цинк и калий;

— слабительные средства препятствуют усвоению витаминов А, D, Е.

Вот теперь внимательно отнеситесь к своему рациону питания и выбирайте, что для вас важнее – чашечка кофе, сигарета или красивый цвет лица!

Watch a video. Look at the script. Are the italicized words familiar to you?

HOW DO VITAMINS WORK?

Ginnie Trinh Nguyen

A, C, E, D, B, K.

Now, this isn’t some random, out of order alphabet.

These are vitamins, and just like letters build words, they are building blocks that keep the body running.

Vitamins are organic compounds we need to ingest in small amounts to keep functioning.

They are the body’s builders, defenders and maintenance workers, helping it to build muscle and bone, make use of nutrients, capture and use energy and heal wounds.

If you need convincing about vitamin value, just consider the plight of olden day sailors, who had no access to vitamin-rich fresh produce.

They got scurvy.

But vitamin C, abundant in fruits and vegetables, was the simple antidote to this disease.

While bacteria, fungi and plants produce their own vitamins, our bodies can’t, so we have to get them from other sources.

So how does the body get vitamins from out there into here?

That’s depending on the form these compounds take.

Vitamins come in two types: lipid-soluble and water-soluble, and the difference between them determines how the body transport and stores vitamins, and gets rid of the excess.

The water-solubles are vitamin C and B Complex vitamins that are made up of eight different types that each do something unique.

These are dissolved in the watery parts of fruits, vegetables and grains, meaning their passage through the body is relatively straightforward.

Once inside the system, these foods are digested and the vitamins within them are taken up directly by bloodstream.

Because blood plasma is water-based, water-soluble vitamins C and B have their transport cut out for them and can move around freely within the body.

For lipid-soluble vitamins, dissolved in fat and found in foods like diary, butter and oils, this trip into the blood is a little more adventurous.

These vitamins make it through the stomach and the intestine, where an acidic substance called bile flows in from the liver, breaking up the fat and preparing it for absorption through the intestinal wall.

Because fat-soluble vitamins can’t make use of the blood’s watery nature, they need something else to move them around, and that comes from proteins that attach to the vitamins and act like couriers, transporting fat-solubles into the blood and around the body.

So, this difference between water- or fat-soluble vitamins determines how they get into the blood, but also how they’re stored or rejected from the body.

The system’s ability to circulate water-soluble vitamins in the bloodstream so easily means that most of them can be passed out equally easily via the kidneys.

Because of that, most water-soluble vitamins need to be replenished on a daily basis through the food we eat.

But fat-soluble vitamins have staying power because they can be packed into the liver and in fat cells.

The body treats these parts like a pantry, storing the vitamins there and rationing them out when needed, meaning we shouldn’t overload on this type of vitamin because the body is generally well stocked.

Once we figured the logistics of transport and storage, the vitamins are left to do the work they came here to do in the first place.

Some, like many of the B Complex vitamins, make up coenzymes, whose job it is to help enzymes release the energy from food.

Other B vitamins then help the body to use that energy.

From vitamin C, you get the ability to fight infection and make collagen, a kind of tissue that forms bones and teeth and heals wounds.

Vitamin A helps make white blood cells, key in the body’s defense, helps shape bones and improves vision by keeping the cells of the eye in check.

Vitamin D gathers calcium and phosphorus so we can make bones, and vitamin E works as an antioxidant, getting rid of elements in the body that can damage cells.

Finally, from vitamin K, we score the ability to clot blood, since it helps make the proteins that do this job.

Without this vitamin variety, humans face deficiencies that cause a range of problems, like fatigue, nerve damage, heart disorders, or diseases like rickets and scurvy.

On the other hand, too much of any vitamin can cause toxicity in the body, so there goes the myth that loading yourself with supplements is a great idea.

In reality, it’s all about getting the balance right, and hitting that vitamin jackpot.